By Sarah Buckley, BBC News
Balkissa Chaibou dreamed of becoming a doctor, but when she was 12 she was shocked to learn she had been promised as a bride to her cousin. She decided to fight for her rights - even if that meant taking her own family to court.
"I came from school at around 18:00, and Mum called me," Balkissa Chaibou recalls.
"She pointed to a group of visitors and said of one of them, 'He is the one who will marry you.'
"I thought she was joking. And she told me, 'Go unbraid, and wash your hair.' That is when I realised she was serious."
The young girl from Niger had always been ambitious.
"When I was little, I was dreaming of becoming a doctor. Take care of people, wear the white coat. Help people," she says.
Marriage to her cousin, who had arrived with his father from neighbouring Nigeria, would make this impossible.
"They said if you marry him you won't be able to study any more. For me my passion is studying. I really like to study. That's when I realised that my relationship with him wouldn't work well."
Niger's tradition of marrying its girls young - it has the highest rate of child marriage in the world - is partly rooted in its grinding poverty.
Percentage of women married as children
Married by 15 Married by 18
Niger 36% 75%
Chad 29% 68%
Central African Republic 29% 68%
Bangladesh 32% 66%
Guinea 20% 63%
Mozambique 21% 56%
Mali 15% 55%
Burkina Faso 10% 52%
South Sudan 9% 52%
Malawi 12% 50%
Source: Unicef, the State of the World's Children, 2013
"The dynamic works in this way: I have lots of children, and if I can marry off one child that is one child less that I have to feed," explains Monique Clesca, the United Nations Population Fund's representative in Niger.
Balkissa Chaibou's parents had five daughters, so from their perspective marrying her to her cousin may have made economic sense.
But another reason for the tradition of early marriage in Niger is the belief that it reduces the risk of pregnancy outside wedlock.
"Nowadays some children are not well brought up," says Hadiza Almahamoud, Chaibou's mother. "If they are not married off at an early age, they can bring shame to the family."
Chaibou continued to work hard at school, waking at 03:00 to study, but as she got older the looming marriage with her cousin became a distraction.
Then, one day when she was 16, the bride price, suitcases and a wedding outfit arrived.
"I felt pain inside of me, it really broke my heart," says Chaibou. "Because I see that I am fighting to fulfill myself, and these people will be an obstacle to my evolution."
She plucked up the courage to try to get out of the marriage after getting her junior high school diploma. "I told myself that I can try to pull myself together, see how I can escape this situation."
Her mother understood her objection to the marriage but didn't have the status, as a woman, to help her.
So Chaibou approached her father, suggesting that as a compromise she could marry but only see her husband in the holidays until she had completed her Baccalaureate.
Balkissa Chaibou appears in the four-part documentary series Her Story: The Female Revolution which will air on BBC World on 20 February, 27 February, 5 March and 12 March.
But the tradition of the Tuareg - the ethnic group to which Chaibou belongs - is that the older brother has power over the children of his younger siblings.
Since Chaibou's uncle - the father of her fiance - was older, her father dared not go against his wishes and preparations for a wedding continued.
In desperation Chaibou asked her school principal, Moumouni Harouna, for help.
He referred her to an NGO called the Centre for Judicial Assistance and Civic Action, which took legal action against her father and uncle for forcing her into a marriage she did not want.
Once in court, Chaibou's uncle denied the accusation, she says, and claimed it had all been a misunderstanding, so the case was dropped.
But once she got home, her uncle threatened to kill her.
"He said that even if he had to wrap me up - even if he had to wrap me up in a body bag - I would go [to Nigeria]," says Chaibou.
She was forced to take refuge in a women's shelter.
"The first night spent here I didn't sleep well," she says. "I was thinking too much about my parents, about the situation they were in, especially with the anger of my uncle. I was sure he would insult them and threaten them, so I didn't have a clear mind."
But faced with the threat of jail, the wedding party returned to Nigeria and after a week Chaibou was able to go home.
"When I put on my school uniform... I felt like my life was renewed. As if it was a new beginning," she says, describing the day she started college.
Her mother says that she and her husband have now changed their views on forced marriage.
"We are finished with [it] in this family. We are scared of it," she says. "If a girl grows up she can choose her husband. We can't do it."
Mariama Moussa - president of the shelter Chaibou took refuge in - says domestic violence is a serious problem in Niger and that forced marriage is one of the root causes.
"When you force them, as a result there is a succession of violence that they can suffer in their home," she says. "There is physical violence, psychological violence... When the husband cannot tolerate her any more, he can hit her, or make her leave, even in pregnancy."
Chaibou is aware that now she has won her freedom it is important for her to succeed in her studies and repay her family's sacrifice.
"I know my family's hope is on my shoulders. Everyone counts on me. Everyone has their eyes on me," she says.
Maybe more than just your family, Balkissa. If you can contribute to your family's income by getting an education, then getting a good job, you may set an example for your entire community to rethink what they are doing to their daughters.
Now 19, she campaigns for other girls to follow her example and say "no" to forced marriage. She visits schools and has spoken to tribal chiefs about the issue.
She has also spoken at a UN summit on reducing maternal mortality, a phenomenon linked to early marriage.
The advice I have for you is to fight - study with all your might
Balkissa Chaibou, Student and campaigner
"Before [the age of] 15 the body is not ready to have a child," says Clesca.
"About 34% of adolescent deaths in Niger are maternal mortality, which gives you a sense of the problem.
"It is important for the Balkissas of this world to stand up because it shows the other girls that 'Hey, I can do this.'
"And yes we have seen a ripple effect. One girl says no and others are crowding around her [saying] 'What did you do? I mean, why did you say no?'"
Balkissa Chaibou is getting closer to becoming a doctor. She passed her International Baccalaureate and is currently at medical school.
"I'm not saying don't marry," she tells one group of schoolgirls.
"But choose the right moment to do so. The advice I have for you is to fight - study with all your might. I know studying isn't easy but you must force yourself because those studies are your only hope."
Balkissa, you are a very intelligent and courageous young lady. You will make a great doctor, or politician, or whatever you set your mind to. You are my hero this week. God bless you!
Balkissa Chaibou appears in the four-part documentary series Her Story: The Female Revolution which will air on BBC World on 20th February, 27th February, 5th March and 12th March. Find out more about the documentary.
 |
| Balkissa Chaibou |
"I came from school at around 18:00, and Mum called me," Balkissa Chaibou recalls.
"She pointed to a group of visitors and said of one of them, 'He is the one who will marry you.'
"I thought she was joking. And she told me, 'Go unbraid, and wash your hair.' That is when I realised she was serious."
The young girl from Niger had always been ambitious.
"When I was little, I was dreaming of becoming a doctor. Take care of people, wear the white coat. Help people," she says.
Marriage to her cousin, who had arrived with his father from neighbouring Nigeria, would make this impossible.
"They said if you marry him you won't be able to study any more. For me my passion is studying. I really like to study. That's when I realised that my relationship with him wouldn't work well."
Niger's tradition of marrying its girls young - it has the highest rate of child marriage in the world - is partly rooted in its grinding poverty.
Percentage of women married as children
Married by 15 Married by 18
Niger 36% 75%
Chad 29% 68%
Central African Republic 29% 68%
Bangladesh 32% 66%
Guinea 20% 63%
Mozambique 21% 56%
Mali 15% 55%
Burkina Faso 10% 52%
South Sudan 9% 52%
Malawi 12% 50%
Source: Unicef, the State of the World's Children, 2013
"The dynamic works in this way: I have lots of children, and if I can marry off one child that is one child less that I have to feed," explains Monique Clesca, the United Nations Population Fund's representative in Niger.
Balkissa Chaibou's parents had five daughters, so from their perspective marrying her to her cousin may have made economic sense.
But another reason for the tradition of early marriage in Niger is the belief that it reduces the risk of pregnancy outside wedlock.
"Nowadays some children are not well brought up," says Hadiza Almahamoud, Chaibou's mother. "If they are not married off at an early age, they can bring shame to the family."
Chaibou continued to work hard at school, waking at 03:00 to study, but as she got older the looming marriage with her cousin became a distraction.
 |
| Niger's chronic poverty is one reason for its tradition of early marriage |
Then, one day when she was 16, the bride price, suitcases and a wedding outfit arrived.
"I felt pain inside of me, it really broke my heart," says Chaibou. "Because I see that I am fighting to fulfill myself, and these people will be an obstacle to my evolution."
She plucked up the courage to try to get out of the marriage after getting her junior high school diploma. "I told myself that I can try to pull myself together, see how I can escape this situation."
Her mother understood her objection to the marriage but didn't have the status, as a woman, to help her.
So Chaibou approached her father, suggesting that as a compromise she could marry but only see her husband in the holidays until she had completed her Baccalaureate.
 |
| Balkissa Chaibou, pictured here with her sister, says that she loves to study |
Balkissa Chaibou appears in the four-part documentary series Her Story: The Female Revolution which will air on BBC World on 20 February, 27 February, 5 March and 12 March.
But the tradition of the Tuareg - the ethnic group to which Chaibou belongs - is that the older brother has power over the children of his younger siblings.
Since Chaibou's uncle - the father of her fiance - was older, her father dared not go against his wishes and preparations for a wedding continued.
In desperation Chaibou asked her school principal, Moumouni Harouna, for help.
He referred her to an NGO called the Centre for Judicial Assistance and Civic Action, which took legal action against her father and uncle for forcing her into a marriage she did not want.
Once in court, Chaibou's uncle denied the accusation, she says, and claimed it had all been a misunderstanding, so the case was dropped.
 |
| Her school principal, Moumouni Harouna put her in touch with an NGO that could advise her |
"He said that even if he had to wrap me up - even if he had to wrap me up in a body bag - I would go [to Nigeria]," says Chaibou.
She was forced to take refuge in a women's shelter.
"The first night spent here I didn't sleep well," she says. "I was thinking too much about my parents, about the situation they were in, especially with the anger of my uncle. I was sure he would insult them and threaten them, so I didn't have a clear mind."
If a girl grows up she can choose her husband. We can't do it.
Hadiza Almahamoud, Balkissa Chaibou's mother
But faced with the threat of jail, the wedding party returned to Nigeria and after a week Chaibou was able to go home.
"When I put on my school uniform... I felt like my life was renewed. As if it was a new beginning," she says, describing the day she started college.
Her mother says that she and her husband have now changed their views on forced marriage.
"We are finished with [it] in this family. We are scared of it," she says. "If a girl grows up she can choose her husband. We can't do it."
Mariama Moussa - president of the shelter Chaibou took refuge in - says domestic violence is a serious problem in Niger and that forced marriage is one of the root causes.
"When you force them, as a result there is a succession of violence that they can suffer in their home," she says. "There is physical violence, psychological violence... When the husband cannot tolerate her any more, he can hit her, or make her leave, even in pregnancy."
 | |
Balkissa Chaibou now feels a sense of responsibility to her family
|
Chaibou is aware that now she has won her freedom it is important for her to succeed in her studies and repay her family's sacrifice.
"I know my family's hope is on my shoulders. Everyone counts on me. Everyone has their eyes on me," she says.
Maybe more than just your family, Balkissa. If you can contribute to your family's income by getting an education, then getting a good job, you may set an example for your entire community to rethink what they are doing to their daughters.
Now 19, she campaigns for other girls to follow her example and say "no" to forced marriage. She visits schools and has spoken to tribal chiefs about the issue.
She has also spoken at a UN summit on reducing maternal mortality, a phenomenon linked to early marriage.
The advice I have for you is to fight - study with all your might
Balkissa Chaibou, Student and campaigner
"Before [the age of] 15 the body is not ready to have a child," says Clesca.
"About 34% of adolescent deaths in Niger are maternal mortality, which gives you a sense of the problem.
"It is important for the Balkissas of this world to stand up because it shows the other girls that 'Hey, I can do this.'
"And yes we have seen a ripple effect. One girl says no and others are crowding around her [saying] 'What did you do? I mean, why did you say no?'"
Balkissa Chaibou is getting closer to becoming a doctor. She passed her International Baccalaureate and is currently at medical school.
"I'm not saying don't marry," she tells one group of schoolgirls.
"But choose the right moment to do so. The advice I have for you is to fight - study with all your might. I know studying isn't easy but you must force yourself because those studies are your only hope."
Balkissa, you are a very intelligent and courageous young lady. You will make a great doctor, or politician, or whatever you set your mind to. You are my hero this week. God bless you!
Balkissa Chaibou appears in the four-part documentary series Her Story: The Female Revolution which will air on BBC World on 20th February, 27th February, 5th March and 12th March. Find out more about the documentary.
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